Showing posts with label physics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label physics. Show all posts

9/12/2012

Cosmic Anger: Abdus Salam - The First Muslim Nobel Scientist Review

Cosmic Anger: Abdus Salam - The First Muslim Nobel Scientist
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Abdus Salam was one of the most important physicists of the latter half of the twentieth century and the story of his journey from a poor village in the Punjab to the Nobel Prize would be fascinating and remarkable in its own right. But Salam was also a devout Muslim and pursued his devotion to his religion and its culture, especially its scientific heritage, with an equal passion.
This delightfully crafted work explores both sides of Salam's life discussing not only his most obvious achievement in formulating the most successful theory of modern physics but also his tireless support of scientific education in the third world. Mr. Fraser discusses science, politics and history with equal effectiveness. I earned my Ph.D. under Salam but still learned a great deal more about him from this book - both about his private life and his relations with his scientific colleagues.
This book will have immense appeal to any intelligent reader. Heartily recommended.

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9/09/2012

Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Second Edition (Optics and Photonics Series) Review

Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Second Edition (Optics and Photonics Series)
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Fundamental to the science of fiber optics is knowledge about how light behaves in optical waveguides. Subjects of interest include waveguides made of optical fiber as well as planar waveguides in optical integrated circuits. Issues include the modal distribution of optical energy in the waveguides, nonlinear effects, and the ability of the waveguide to transmit large amounts of data without degradation or errors. Okamoto's book addresses all of these subjects in detail, forming a convenient single-source reference for the practicing scientist, engineer, or graduate student.
Okamoto's book is exceptionally well organized, and explains advanced and sometimes difficult concepts easily. The subject material and mathematical detail assume the reader to be well grounded in the basics of fiber optics, and able to work comfortably with differential, vector, and integral calculus. In addition, concepts such as Bessel functions, Maxwell's equations, and the nonlinear Schrodinger equation are used without introduction.
Although not formally organized in parts, the subject matter can be broadly divided into three categories. The first category consists of a basic treatment of waveguides in general, including the derivation of the functional forms of the eigenmodes in slab, rectangular, cylindrical, and coupled waveguides. I found the discussion on coupled mode theory particularly useful. Derivation of the eigenmodes is rigorous, with few simplifying assumptions. The equations are generally in Cartesian coordinates, making them useful for general-purpose numerical simulations, which are discussed in detail later in the book. Some of the more important equations should probably have been expressed in cylindrical coordinates as well, as this would make them more applicable for back-of-the envelope calculations. Making the simplifications is not hard, however, and there are blank pages at the end of the book for customizing it with these additional equations. Also lacking is a glossary of definitions of mathematical symbols used throughout the book.
The second category consists of specific, highly detailed and mathematically intense discussions about numerical methods used to solve the intensity distribution of light in inhomogeneous-core planar waveguides and fibers. Topics include the beam propagation method, staircase concatenation method, and finite element method. The discussions are sufficiently detailed that the capable and enthusiastic student should be able to write computer code that solves the propagation characteristics of virtually any arbitrary waveguide. Although commercial software already does this, the background presented in Okamoto's book will be useful to the user of such software, providing insight as to how the software works, and its limitations.
Straddling the discussion of numerical methods are discussions on nonlinear effects in optical fibers and planar lightwave circuits. The discussion on nonlinear optics is one of the best single-chapter treatments of the subject that I've seen, with quantitative explanations of solitons (light and dark), self-phase modulation (the optical Kerr effect), Raman scattering, and Brillouin scattering. There is also a brief discussion about optical amplification. Surprisingly, however, the book fails to discuss four-wave mixing. The chapter on planar lightwave circuits is one of the best quantitative descriptions of the arrayed waveguide grating I've ever seen. Overall, this is an excellent book that will be a valuable resource for scientists and engineers involved in fiber optics. I highly recommend it.

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8/11/2012

Niels Bohr Gentle Genius of Denmark: Gentle Genius of Denmark (Makers of Modern Science) Review

Niels Bohr Gentle Genius of Denmark: Gentle Genius of Denmark (Makers of Modern Science)
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This is a small book and it tries to cram a lot in too little. Still it is written well and gives a lot of information in its limiterd space. It covers some biography, which is what I read it for, and it gives about the same amount of information on atomic theory. This information is qualitative, not quantitative, which means it is written in layman's language; it would require a library of books to cover just the mathematics, matrix theory, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, integral equarions, vectors, tensors, not to mention the math leading up to the use of these higher mathematics, an incomoplete list. The part of the biography I miss is in the details, none are given. Fights are mentioned, the reasons for them omitted, did Bohr know the basics, how to punch, jab, counter, defend, and did he have the endurnce necessary to keep punching or were these street affairs, including what might be considered foul blows?
Then there is the mention of soccer, his brother Harald is on the Olympic team, Neil is only mentioned as being on the University team and not as first string. Were there any other sports, such as boxing? No mention. His academic record was given as good, but not tops in his class. He came into his own in university, but his academic record there is not even mentioned, only his research into the new theories developing in atomic theory, and Bohr's picture of the atom. At this point the book becomes nothing but a glowing tribute to Neil and goes into detail on his interactions with several giants at the time and his questioning their theories as opposed to his own. Neil wins a Nobel prize, his brother Harald and son Aage do also but only Neil's award is specified. The book goes into some detail on spectral theory, a good overview, and gives a brief account of string theory, mentions often Einstein and his thories but gives little on the points of the theories subject to question. Of course some of the men mentioned in the book are subject of books in the series "Makers of Modern Science" so the question of time, a human invention, the big bang theory and the question of what existed before it, when time did not exist, and other questions are omitted from the book. I wish it had had more biography, more details of Bohr's life.

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7/31/2012

Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science (Great Discoveries) Review

Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science (Great Discoveries)
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I still remember the day when, as a kid, I first came across the irrepressible Richard Feynman's memoirs "Surely you're joking Mr. Feynman". Within a few hours I was laughing so hard that tears were coming out of my eyes. Whether he was fixing radios 'by thinking', devising novel methods of cutting string beans in a restaurant or cracking the safes at Los Alamos, Feynman was unlike any scientist I had ever come across. Feynman died in 1988 and James Gleick's engaging and masterful biography of him appeared in 1993. Jagdish Mehra's dense, authoritative scientific biography came out in 1996. Since then there has been a kind of "Feynman industry" in the form of tapes, books, transcripts, interviews and YouTube video clips. While this has kept Feynman alive, it has also turned him into a kind of larger-than-life legend who is more famous in the public mind for his pranks and other exploits than for his science. Most laymen will tell you that Feynman was a brilliant scientist but would be hard-pressed to tell you what he was famous for. It's time that we were again reminded of what most contributed to Richard Feynman's greatness- his science. Lawrence Krauss's biography fulfills this role. You could think of Gleick's biography as a kind of Renaissance painting, an elaborate piece of work where he gets everything accurate down to the eyebrows of the men, women and Gods. Krauss's biography is more like the evocative impressionistic art of the French masters, more of a lucid sketch that brings out the essence of Feynman the scientist.
The biography is essentially aimed at explaining Feynman's scientific contributions, their relevance, importance and uniqueness. Thus Krauss wisely avoids pondering over oft-repeated details about Feynman's personal life. He compresses descriptions of Feynman's childhood, the tragic story of his first wife's death and their extremely touching relationship and his time at Los Alamos into brief paragraphs; if we want to learn more we can look up Gleick or Feynman's own memoirs. What concerns Krauss more than anything else is what made Feynman such a great scientist. And he delivers the goods by diving into the science right away and by explaining what made Feynman so different. Perhaps Feynman's most unique and towering ability was his compulsive need to do things from scratch, work out everything from first principles, understand it inside out, backwards and forwards and from as many different angles as possible. Krauss does a great job in bringing out this almost obsessive tendency to divine the truth from the source. It manifested itself at a very early age when Richard was cranking out original solutions to algebra and arithmetic problems in school. And it was paramount in his Nobel Prize winning work.
Krauss succinctly explains how this intense drive to look at things in new ways allowed Feynman to do novel work during his PhD with John Wheeler at Princeton in which he formulated theories that described antiparticles as particles traveling backwards in time. Later Feynman also applied the same approach in using a novel method based on the principle of least action to explain the dizzying mysteries of quantum electrodynamics. Krauss does an admirable job in explaining the physics behind these contributions in layman's terms. Feynman's "sum over histories" prescription involved taking into consideration all of the infinite paths that a particle can take when getting from the beginning to the end point. This was a bizarre and totally new way of looking at things, but then quantum mechanics is nothing if not bizarre. As Krauss describes, the moment of revelation for Feynman came in a meeting where, using his techniques and intellectual prowess, he could finish in a few hours a complicated calculation for mesons that had taken another researcher several months. Krauss also narrates how Feynman brought the same freewheeling, maverick approach to thinking about superfluidity, beta decay, the strong nuclear force, gravity and computing and the book contains the most complete popular scientific treatments of Feynman's thoughts about these important problems that I have seen. The approach did not always work (as it did not in case of superconductivity) but it encouraged other physicists to think in new ways. In fact as Krauss lucidly narrates, Feynman's great influence on physics was not just through the direct impact of his ideas but also through the impact of his unconventional thinking which inspired students and other scientists to think outside the box.
As scientifically brilliant as Feynman was, Krauss also does not gloss over his professional and personal flaws and this biography is not a hagiography. Professionally, Feynman's independent spirit meant that he often would not read the literature and would stay away from mainstream interests which his colleagues were pursuing; while this greatly helped him, on more than one occasion it led to him being scooped. At the same time Feynman also did not care about priority and was generous in sharing credit. As for mentoring, while Feynman was a legendary teacher by way of example, unlike his own advisor John Wheeler he left few bonafide graduate students because of his compulsive tendency to solve problems himself. On a personal basis, probably the most shocking description concerns Feynman's womanizing. It's hard to say how much of it is true, but Krauss describes Feynman's affairs with colleagues' wives, his elaborate methods to seduce women in bars and the personal and emotional entanglements his womanizing caused. At least one fact is jarring; apparently when he was a young professor at Cornell, the boyish-looking Feynman used to pretend to be a graduate student so he could date undergraduates. This kind of behavior would almost certainly lead to strict disciplinary action in a modern university, if not something more drastic. In his early days Feynman was also known for not suffering fools gladly, although he mellowed as he grew older. Later on Krauss details Feynman's more publicly known activities, including his bongo playing, nude painting and his famous demonstration of the failure of the O-rings in the Challenger space shuttle disaster. Feynman's absolute insistence on honesty and truth in science and on reporting the negative results along with the positive ones also comes across, and should be a model for modern scientists. The biography does a good job of demonstrating that in science, true success needs fearlessness, determination and an unwavering belief in your ideas.
Ultimately, it's not Feynman's bongos, nude art and relentless clowning that make him a great man. However, since his death, he has often been perceived that way by the public largely due to the industry that has grown up around him. But Richard Feynman was defined first and foremost by his science and his striking intellectual originality that allowed him to look at the physical world in wholly unanticipated new ways. Krauss's biography performs a timely and valuable service in reminding us why, when we talk about Feynman, we should first talk about his physics.

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4/06/2012

The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging (2nd Edition) Review

The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging (2nd Edition)
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This text book is the most up to date and comprehensive text book available for radiology residents preparing for the ABR exam as of this date 3/12/2002. I have recommended this text for my most serious students and they have done quite well on the ABR exam. ( Most have scored in the > 90th percentile in the U.S.) For residents who want to just pass the exam, I recommend Sprawls text.
Edward J. Goldschmidt Jr., M.S., DABMP, ...

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2/02/2012

Essential Physics of Medical Imaging Review

Essential Physics of Medical Imaging
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A good book for teaching residents from. Covers a pretty wide range of topics. The level of detail covered is probably just enough for a radiology residents course, but medical physics students and grad students will probably find it a bit lacking. However, still an essential part of any medical physicist's library.

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University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California. Physics text for radiology residents. Covers basic concepts, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, radiation protection, dosimetry, and biology. Illustrated.

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11/15/2011

Medical Imaging Signals and Systems Review

Medical Imaging Signals and Systems
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A very pedagogic book that covers the principles of medical imaging from a linear systems point of view. It is divided in 5 parts, being the first one devoted to the basics of imaging systems and the rest deal with modalities well established in the medical community. So only the chapters of the first part are essential to read before going to any other sections, which are mostly self-contained.
One section I would add to make it more complete would be some chapters on optical imaging, of which some techniques are finding a niche in clinical applications.
I found there is room for improvement in the book layout; the outer margins are simply too wide and some long equations go too close to the spine. The clarity of diagrams and photographs is good, but I would have appreciated some color inserts in a book of this price.

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For courses in medical imaging systems. With signal processing as its foundation, this text covers the most important imaging modalities in radiology: projection radiography, x-ray computed tomography, nuclear medicine, ultrasound imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. Organized into parts to emphasize key overall conceptual divisions, Medical Imaging is most appropriate for engineering students who have taken the prerequisite signals and systems courses as well as elementary probability.

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