Showing posts with label brain. Show all posts
Showing posts with label brain. Show all posts

6/13/2012

Brain Longevity: The Breakthrough Medical Program That Improves Your Mind and Memory Review

Brain Longevity: The Breakthrough Medical Program That Improves Your Mind and Memory
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While most of us are losing our minds (literally cell by cell), some people are razor sharp well into their nineties. Is this just heredity or good luck, or is there something we can do to keep our mind and memory from going the way of Alzheimer's? Dr. Khalsa thinks so. In fact he presents quite a program for rejuvenation. The question is, does he have the goods in this book to help YOU?
To be honest, I don't know, but I read the entire 454 pages with interest and mostly approval. Not being a brain scientist myself, nor a doctor of medicine, I can only offer a layman's reaction. Generally speaking, Khalsa sees the brain as another organ in the body that can benefit in the same way that the rest of the body can benefit. He offers the exciting prospect (along with some evidence) that even old people can grow new dendrites, in effect increasing their brain power. Especially interesting to me were his memory tests (that you can take yourself) to determine whether it is likely you are on your way to Alzheimer's or dementia, or just having a bad day.
There are four elements of his "brain longevity program": exercise, nutritional therapy, stress management, and pharmacology.
Exercise increases blood flow to the brain that in turn increases nourishment to the brain and allows for better removal of waste products. Khalsa believes that exercise also increases the supply of the "nerve growth factor" (NGF) hormone to the brain while enhancing neuronal metabolism. (p. 324) He reports that brain cells may die because they do not receive enough NGF. Certainly if one follows a sedentary lifestyle it would not be surprising to learn that with reduced blood flow, the brain becomes undernourished. So exercise--YES!
Okay, what about "nutritional therapy"? Yes, that's the usual program of cut out the animal fats, eat less in general and eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables. Good for the body, good for the brain. He also recommends nutritional supplements like ginkgo biloba and ginseng. He is concerned about free radicals in the blood which he believes contribute to the ageing process, and shows us how to reduce their number. Obviously, being overweight is a health risk, but Khalsa believes that being overweight also impairs cerebral circulation and creates millions of free radicals which can damage cells everywhere in the body including in the brain.
What really hit me was the importance of "stress management." Khalsa believes that excessive and chronic production of cortisol (which the adrenal glands secret in reaction to danger and other stresses) is "so toxic to the brain that it kills and injures brain cells by the billions." (p. 8)
And then there's pharmacology. Khalsa likes to go natural first, but when the situation is acute, he is not opposed to prescribing medicine. He especially likes deprenyl which he calls "the memory drug." He has a lot to say about neurotransmitters and their function and how they break down. He sees a connection between depression and subpar brain function, and believes that curing depression can rejuvenate the brain by itself. He recommends DHEA for some of his patients who have low levels of that precursor hormone in their systems. Indeed, he notes that hormonal deficiencies can figure prominently in memory and cognitive loss.
What sets this book apart from others I have read on the subject of health and well-being is the completely holistic approach taken by Dr. Khalsa. He is both a medical doctor trained in Western medicine and an alternative physician trained in the ancient ways of the East. He acknowledges the lack of experimental proof for some Eastern practices and medicines, but still believes they can be effective even if we are not sure how they work. After all, what has worked for millions of people for thousands of years must have something going for it.
The book is divided into three parts. First there is the story of his discovery of the brain longevity program. Then there is Part Two on "How the Brain Works," followed by Part Three, "Designing Your Own Brain Longevity Program." I can tell you that, skeptic that I am, I am nonetheless already at work on following Khalsa's guidance, and I am altering my lifestyle to incorporate parts of his program. One thing is clear to me: his program can't hurt, and there is a fine chance that it will do a lot of good.
But you judge for yourself. Even if you don't follow any of the program you will benefit from reading this excellent book because it includes so much information about health. Additionally, there is a lot of sound psychology and even some spiritual insight that Khalsa provides. Here are a couple of nuggets, the first is what one might expect, and the second an example of Khalsa's wide-ranging knowledge base:
"One quick word about the so-called Recommended Daily Allowances: NONSENSE! I believe they're just too low. These daily allowances, until recently, were called Minimum Daily Requirements." (p. 243)
"Visual sensory memory, called iconic memory, is employed by circus knife-throwers as they try to convince their audiences that they're actually throwing knives. In fact...the knives they 'throw'--which barely miss the person strapped to the target--are actually punched through the target from behind. However, when the audience watches a knife 'leave' the thrower's hand, they swivel their heads toward the target...In reality, all they see is the iconic afterimage of the knife." (p. 138)
I didn't know that, and there's a lot else I didn't know about how our brains work and don't work until I read this book. By the way, a good part of the credit for how well this book is written goes to professional health writer Cameron Stauth who worked with Khalsa.

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Including a four-part program that involves nutritional, stress-relieving, pharmacological, and mind-body exercises therapies to overcome the effects of brain aging, a guide helps readers over forty control a hormone called cortisol and improve their mental acuity.

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4/14/2012

Implantable Neural Prostheses 1: Devices and Applications (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering) Review

Implantable Neural Prostheses 1: Devices and Applications (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering)
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This book is recommended as a complete encyclopaedia for neural prosthesis.
Thinking of an implanted device into the brain to replace or facilitate activation of neural elements in a part of the nervous system seems at first fanciful. However, the motivation to improve the quality of life of those severely paralyzed or suffering from profound losses to various sense organs has made the brain-computer interface more than just a reality, but a daily necessity. The recent advances in the broad, multidisciplinary and dynamic neural engineering filed have arisen through a combination of developments in our understanding of biological systems and in numerous technological fields including materials science, polymer chemistry, embedded electronics, micro-electromechanical (MEMS) systems and computer modeling.
This book is a good choice for people with different backgrounds in neural engineering filed because it offers an extensive investigation into the development and implementation of state-of-the-art advanced implantable neural prosthetic devices. It covers the different aspects associated with the implanted devices from biomedical approaches to microelectronics technologies and a broad range of prosthetic devices such as visual implants, cochlear implants, auditory implants, spinal cord stimulators, deep brain stimulators, Bion stimulators, the brain control and sensing of artificial limbs interface, and cardiac electro-stimulation devices. At the end, it introduces the progress in magnetic stimulation aimed for a non-invasive approach to prosthetic devices which is opposed to using implantable microelectrodes.
The structure of the book in each chapter which covers a neural prosthesis is similar. It is started with the abstract of the work and then a complete introduction about the history of the device. The biomedical engineering approaches which result in the importance and requirements of the device are presented and then the developed microelectronic technologies are reviewed. Different challenges in the design of the implanted device in biomedical or technological points of view are described and at the end the future works are presented. I found this method of presentation very useful and mark this as a strong point of this book.
The first chapter of the book is about the microelectronic visual prosthesis that is the strongest part of this book in my opinion due to the exhaustive and well organized information and challenges associated with the visual prosthesis design given to the reader. It includes both visual cortex and optic nerve stimulation devices and retina stimulation devices which the latter might be helpful for Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) diseases. Devices designed by Humayun and co-workers at Second Sight Company and Rizzo and Wyatt's group are given as examples for epiretinal approach which have been used in the human trials. The second part talks about the cochlear implants with a review on the history of this device which the first single electrode implanted in 1961. The different subsystems of a cochlear implant such as speech processor, radio frequency power and data transmission link, the stimulator ASIC and the electrode arrays have been explained with the consideration of their design goals and principles. The auditory midbrain implant (AMI) using deep brain stimulation is proposed as a new auditory prosthesis for stimulation of the inferior colliculus with the three human trials results. The cochlear implants are followed by spinal cord stimulation that is an important therapy for pain by electrically stimulating the spinal cord. The effects of the stimulation parameters such as pulse width and stimulation rate have been studied by doing clinical trials. Some diseases such as Parkinson, essential tremor, epilepsy, several types of dystonias and hyperkinetic disorders, and intractable depression can be treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS) which is discussed in another chapter of this book. The clinical DBS has shown the importance of electrode arrays to be scaled to achieve best outcomes and therefore this chapter of the book is devoted to the electrode array design for DBS application. Bion microstimulator, a small, leadless, minimally invasive, implantable device, that was developed as a means to provide small stimulators distributed in the patients body has been studied in another chapter of this book. These devices do not need interconnecting wires and their electrodes are mounted directly on the microstimulator and are capable of RF-powering. The main application of these devices is functional electrical stimulation (FES), including shoulder subluxation and post-stroke hand rehabilitation. It has also been explored in clinical applications for knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation, obstructive sleep apnea, and pressure ulcer prevention.
After the presenting the studies which have been done for different applications of Neurostimulation, this book has devoted a chapter to brain control and sensing of artificial limb. The idea is to make electrical connections to the neurons in the stump of an amputated limb and make an artificial limb relying onto the development of integrated circuits and digital signal processing. Some of the research and technology development in this field has been described in this book. Finally, the techniques of designing magnetic stimulation of neural tissue have been described in this book which results in non-invasive stimulation without implantation of microelectrodes. This chapter of the book presents an in vitro experimental system using a systematic design methodology.
One of the strong points of this book is the introduction given for each chapter. It has presented an exhaustive research on each device from the beginning and the case studies which have been fulfilled. The dynamic interactions between academia and industry for each application have been explained very well. The other strong point is the systematic design methodology presented for each neural prosthesis which includes all different important aspects involve in the design from anatomy of the implanted area in a biomedical approach, the candidate diseases in which the device might be useful, surgical techniques, clinical studies, implant packaging and biocompatibility of materials, thermal effects of stimulator on the tissue to microelectronic technology including wireless data and power transmission, stimulator ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) design, control unit design and microelectrode array design.
One of the most interesting sections of the book for me was the description of the ArgusTM 16 device that is an advanced retinal prosthesis proposed by Second Sight. This device consists of a wearable external device including a small camera housed in the glasses and connected to a visual processing unit and an implantable stimulator. The implanted stimulator chip is provided with both power and data wirelessly utilizing a wireless inductive link that is magnetically stabilized over the electronic implant. The electrode array is placed on the retinal surface and is connected through some wires to the stimulator chip which is surgically attached to the temporal area of the skull to receive the stimulus currents.
One of my recommendations for the readers of this book is to read the cochlear implants at first because as it has been also mentioned in the book, the design principle of the cochlear implant has been adopted for development of similar hearing implants such as the auditory brainstem implant as well as other neural prostheses such as vestibular and retinal implants.
Some of interesting quotes in this book are, "Cochlear implants served as a model for successful academic and industrial collaboration" and also "the design principle of the cochlear implant has been adopted for development of other neural prostheses such as retinal implants".
David. Zhou, one of the authors of this book is with Second Sight Medical Products Company and I think this is one of the reasons that the visual prostheses chapter of this book is written very well and more informative than the other chapters. However, this book provides very useful and exhaustive information about the different neural prostheses in different aspects such as biomedical approaches and also microelectronic devices.


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This book and its companion volume describe state-of-the-art advances in techniques associated with implantable neural prosthetic devices and their applications. Researchers, engineers, clinicians, students and any specialist in this field will gain a deeper understanding of the neural prosthetic techniques currently available for a wide range of biomedical applications.In part one of this two-volume sequence, Implantable Neural Prostheses 1: Devices and Applications, the focus is on implant designs and applications. Devices covered include sensory prosthetic devices such as cochlear implants, auditory midbrain implants, visual implants, spinal cord stimulators, and motor prosthetic devices including deep brain stimulators, Bions, and cardiac electro-stimulators. Readers will also understand the regulatory approval process in the U.S. and Europe for implantable medical devices.

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11/25/2011

Basic Neurochemistry, Seventh Edition: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects Review

Basic Neurochemistry, Seventh Edition: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects
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For anyone interested in neuroscience, it is a must read. Basic Neuroscience gives a snapshot of where neuroscientists are currently doing research, including the edge of what is known and not known. Much of this knowledge has only been discovered in the last few years.

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